Pharmaceutics I
Theory
total: 117 hrs. (3 hrs/week) Full marks:
150 (Th.100+Pr. 50)
Practical
total: 78 hrs. (2 hrs/week) Pass
marks: 70 (Th. 40+Pr. 30)
Course
description
This course is designed to equip the
students with knowledge and skills on pharmaceutical calculations, pharmaceutical process,
and principles of
pharmaceutics and basics
of biopharmaceutics. It also deals
with comminution principal, pharmaceutical application of size separation and
mixing, extraction processes
method of heat
transfer and factors
affecting bioavailability.
Course
objective
After completion of course the student will be able
to:
1.
Classify
different pharmaceutical dosage forms and orient with new drug delivery
systems.
2.
Describe
the contents of different pharmacopoeias.
3.
Define
metrology, do conversion from one system to another and solve the problems
related to
percentage and ratio strength and dilution and concentration.
4.
Define
comminution and describe comminution principles with example of each.
5.
Describe
different grades of powder.
6.
Describe
the pharmaceutical application of size separation and mixing and working of
their
respective equipment.
7.
Select
filters and describe the different filtration equipment.
8.
Define
extraction and describe various extraction processes and its principles
9.
Explain
the pharmaceutical application of drying and explain different dryers.
10.
Describe
the physicochemical principles of pharmaceutics and their applications.
11.
Prepare
simple Pharmaceutical preparations.
Theory
Unit
1.Introduction to pharmaceutical preparation and dosage form 13
hrs
1.1 Different
pharmaceutical preparations and dosage forms (10 hrs):
· Define
and classify Tablet, Capsules, Aromatic Water, Cachets, colloids, Creams,
Draughts, Dusting Powders, Dentifrices, Ear Drops, Elixir,
Emulsions, Enemas,
Eye
Drops, Eye Lotions,
Gargles, Gels, Glycerines,
Granules, Effervescent
Granules, Implants, Infusions,
Inhalations, Injections, Insufflations, Irrigations, Jellies, Linctuses, Liniments, Lotions, Lozenges, Mixtures,
Mouthwashes, Nasal Drops, Ointments,
Ophthalmic Ointments, Paints, Paste, Pessaries, Powders, Solutions,
Dispersible Tablets, Chewable tablets,
Spirits, Sprays, Suppositories, Suspensions, Syrups, Tinctures.
1.2 Novel
drug delivery system (3 hour):
· Discuss
briefly about Nasal, Transdermal, Pulmonary, Occular, Buccal, Post-oral,
Vaginal and Intramuscular drug delivery systems.
Unit2.
Pharmacopeias and formularies used in Nepal
3
hrs
2.1 Brief introduction about pharmacopoeias and their
uses.
· Introduce British
Pharmacopoeia, United States
Pharmacopoeia, Indian
Pharmacopoeia, British
Pharmaceutical Codex, Japanese
pharmacopoeia, International Pharmacopoeia, European Pharmacopoeia etc.
Unit 3.
Weight and measures 7
hrs
3.1 Classify weight and measure and
convert from one system to another and one unit to another.
3.2 Solve problems related to
percentage and ratio strength, allegation method and isotonic solutions.
Unit
4. Comminution 6
hrs
4.1 Define comminution and describe objectives of size
reduction.
4.2 Describe factors affecting size reduction.
4.3 Describe principles of size
reduction with description of hammer mill, ball mill, fluid energy mill and
colloid mill.
Unit
5. Size Separation 6
hrs
5.1 Introduce size separation and
describe pharmaceutical applications of size separations. 5.2 Classify powders as per official
standards.
5.3 Describe size separation by sifting and sedimentation
methods.
Unit
6. Mixing and Homogenization 7
hrs
6.1 Define mixing and mention its pharmaceutical
applications.
6.2 Describe liquid-liquid mixing,
semisolid – liquid mixing, Semisolid – solid mixing, Solid - liquid mixing and solid
- solid mixing.
6.3 Describe the function of the
following mixing equipment: Planetary Mixer, Triple Roller Mill, Colloid mill
and Double cone mixer.
Unit
7. Filtration and clarification 7
hrs
7.1 Define filtration and explain
theory and pharmaceutical applications of filtration. 7.2 Discuss filter media and filtration aids
in brief.
7.3 Describe factors affecting the
selection of filters and describe the application of the following:
• Sinte red filters.
• Filters candles.
• Filter press.
Unit
8. Extraction 5
hrs
8.1 Define extraction and provide concept of solid-liquid
and liquid-liquid extractions. 8.2 Study
of percolation and maceration and their modification, continuous hot
extraction- Application in the preparation of tinctures and extracts.
8.3 Describe factors affecting the selection of extraction
process.
Unit
9. Heat Process 6
hrs
9.1 Define heat, temperature and heat transfer and
describe method of heat transfer.
9.2 Mention the name of different heat processes.
9.3 Define evaporation and explain
its pharmaceutical application. 9.4
Describe evaporation still and evaporation pan.
9.5 Explain factors affecting evaporation.
Unit 10.
Distillation 7
hrs
10.1 Define and differentiate between distillation and
evaporation.
10.2 Mention different types of distillation and explain
simple distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation and vacuum
distillation.
10.3 Explain the preparation of purified water and water
for injection.
Unit
11. Drying process 6
hrs
11.1 Define drying and mention its pharmaceutical
applications.
11.2 Mention different types of dryers and explain tray
dryer and fluidized bed dryers.
Unit
12. Physicochemical Principles of Pharmaceutics 21
hrs
12.1 Rheology
and flow of fluids: (5hrs)
• Define viscosity
and rheology and classify fluids based on its flow properties.
Newtonian
fluids
• Provide concept of
laminar, transitional and turbulent flows and explain capillary and
falling sphere viscometers.
Non-Newtonian
fluids
• Provide concept of
types of Non -Newtonian flow. Describe
briefly plastic, psuedoplastic and dilatants flow.
• Describe
pharmaceutical applications of rheology.
12.2 Surface
and Interfacial Phenomena: (6hrs)
• Define surface
and interfacial tension
and mention the
different methods of
measurement.
• Describe
contact angle and its pharmaceutical applications.
· Describe
surface-active agents, their physical properties and their pharmaceutical
applications.
12.3 Disperse
Systems: (4hrs)
• Define colloids and
describe their properties.
• Describe application
of colloids in pharmacy.
12.4 Kinetics
and stability testing: (6 hrs)
• Define different
orders of reaction.
• Describe the
factors that affect the stability of pharmaceutical products.
· Mention
different methods of determination of orders of reaction and describe graphical
method of interpretation.
• Describe the method
of accelerated stability testing and prediction of shelf life of the
product.
· Briefly
describe Guidelines for stability testing of pharmaceuticals.
Unit
13. Monophasic liquid dosage forms 8
hrs
13.1 Define monophasic
liquid dosage form
and mention its
advantages and disadvantages.
13.2 Describe factors affecting solubility.
13.3 Mention the components of formulation with
examples.
13.4 Describe the preparation of mixtures, Syrup, Elixirs,
Linctuses, Drops, Draughts, Gargles,
Mouth Washes, Throat paints, Sprays, Enemas, Douches, Ear drops, Nasal drops
and sprays, Liniments and Lotions.
Unit 14. Introduction to Biopharmaceutics 15hrs
14.1 Provide the concept of bioavailability and
biopharmaceutics.
14.2 Describe the basic concept of mechanism of drug
transport across gastrointestinal barrier.
14.3 Mention different factors influencing bioavailability
14.4 Explain plasma concentration – time curves of oral, i. v. bolus and i. v.
infusion and Cumulative urinary drug excretion curve.
14.5 Define absolute and relative
bioavailability and bioequivalence. 14.6 Describe factors influencing steady
state plasma drug concentration in the body.
Practical
Unit
1. Different pharmaceutical preparations and dosage forms 54
hrs
· Prepare and supply chloroform water.
(4 hrs)
· Prepare
and supply aqueous iodine solution. (4 hrs)
· Prepare
and supply chloroform spirit. (4 hrs)
· Prepare
and supply camphor spirit. (4 hrs)
· Prepare
and supply strong ginger tincture. (4 hrs)
· Prepare
and supply orange/iodine tincture. (4 hrs)
· Prepare
and supply root extract of Rheum emodi(Padamchal).
(6 hrs)
· Prepare
and supply extract of Mentha species(Pudina).
(6 hrs)
· Prepare
and supply thymol / chlorhexidine gargle. (4 hrs)
· Prepare
and supply calamine lotion. (4 hrs)
· Prepare
and supply compound sodium chloride mouthwash. (4 hrs)
· Prepare
simple syrup. ( 4 hours)
Unit
2. Physicochemical principles of pharmaceutics 24
hrs
· Determine
surface tension using drop count method. (2 hour)
· Determine
bulk density and void porosity of given powder. (6 hrs)
· Measure
the viscosity of simple syrup using Ostwald viscometer. (6 hrs)
· Perform
the mixing of different colored powders and examine their particle size
microscopically. (6hrs)
· Carry
out simple filtration experiment. ( 2
hours)
· Carry
out simple experiment to measure moisture content in given powder material. (
2 hours)
References
1.
Gaud.
Pharmaceutics, 2003, India.
2.
Gaud
and Gupta. Practical Pharmaceutics, 2004, India.
3.
Gaud
and Gupta. Practical Physical Pharmacy, 2004, India.
4.
Gaud.
Textbook of pharmaceutics, 2004, India.
5.
Gupta,
A. K. Pharmaceutics: Practical manual (Part I & II), 2004, India.
6.
Gupta,
A. K. Introduction to pharmaceutics-I. , 2004, CBS publisher and distributors,
India.
7.
Thapa,
P, Thapa, B. B. and Budhathoki, U. (2006), Introductory Pharmaceutics
volume
8.
The
extra pharmacopoeia (Martindale).
9.
Physical
Pharmacy by Alfred Martin.
10. Bentley’s
Text Book of Pharmaceutics by E. A. Rawlins.
11.
Remington:
The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Edition, Vol I & II.
12.
The
Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Leon Lackman, H. A. Lieberman, J.
L.Kanig, Third Edition, Varghese
Publishing House, Hind Rajasthan Building, Dadar, Bombay – 400 014.
13.
Pharmaceutical
Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems. H. C. Ansel, L. V. Allen and
N.
G. Popovich, Seventh Edition,
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
14.
Pharmaceutics:
The Science of Dosage Forms, M. E. Aulton, Churchill Livingstone.
15. Cooper and Gunn’s
Tutorial Pharmacy, Sixth Edition.
Pharmacology &
Pharmacotherapeutics I
Theory
total: 117 hrs (3 hrs/week) Full marks:
150 (Th. 100+Pr. 50)
Practical
total: 78 hrs (2 hrs/week) Pass marks:
70 (Th. 40+Pr. 30)
Course
Description
This course is designed to help
students to acquire the knowledge and skills on drug action, handling by body
and therapeutics concerned with the application of pharmacology in prevention
and treatment of diseases. This course deals with pharmacotherapeutic agents
and their role in different pathophysiological conditions. Additionally, this
course focuses on the mode of action, the uses and adverse effects, drug
interaction, and precautions to be taken for drugs to be used.
Course
objective
After completion of the course the student will be able
to:
1 Understand the
specific action and use of drugs on different body systems.
2 Explain the
principles of phamacotherapeutics and drug safety
3 Know the action,
use, mechanism of action, interaction, adverse reactions, and market
availability mainly with reference to counseling to patients & care taker
on rational use of following drugs:
· Gastro
intestinal drugs.
· NSAIDs
· Autonomic
Nervous System drugs.
· Respiratory
System drugs.
· Antimicrobial
Drugs
Theory
Unit 1.
General pharmacological principles
20hrs
1.1 Terminologies used in pharmacology
1.2 Drug nomenclature
1.3 Routes of drug administration
1.4. Pharmacokinetics: Definition;
process of absorption,
distribution, biotransformation,
elimination; factors affecting on these processes
1.4 Pharmacodynamics
1.4.1 Mechanism and principle of drug action
1.4.2 Receptor
theory of Drug Action
1.4.3 Half-life, plasma concentration of drug and
bioavailability
1.5 Types of adverse drug reactions
Unit
2: Gastrointestinal Drugs 20 hrs
2.1 Management of Peptic ulcer, vomiting, diarrhea, and
constipation
2.2 General mechanism of action, use, side effect,
contraindication, precaution and dose of
commonly used
· antacids,
ulcer healing drugs , ulcer protective
an anti H. pylori drugs
· antiemetic
drugs: Metoclopramide, Domperidone, Ondensetron, promethazine
· antidiarrheal:
Diphenoxylate, ORS
· drug
used in constipation: Bulk forming laxatives, irritant Laxative, Stool
softeners,
Lactulose
Unit 3 Nsaids
and Antipyretic Analgesics 8hrs
3.1 Define pain, pyrexia and inflammation
3.2 General mechanism of action, use,
side effect, contraindication, precaution and dose of commonly used
· Analgesic, antipyretic
and anti-inflammatory drugs:
Ibuprofen, Indomethacin,
Diclofenac, Nimesulide, paracetamol, Aspirin
· drugs used in rheumatoid
arthritis: NSAIDS, Disease
modifying agents: Steroids,
Methotrexate, Azothioprine
· drug
used in gout: Colchicine, Allopurinol,
Febuxostat
Unit
4: Drugs acting on Autonomic Nervous System
17 hrs
4.1 Physiology of ANS
4.2 General mechanism of action, use,
side effect, contraindication, precaution and dose of commonly used
· Cholinergic
drugs: Pilocarpine, Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine
· Anticholinergic
drugs: Atropine, Dicyclomine, Trihexyphenidol
· Adrenergic
drugs: Adrenaline, Noradrenaline, Dopamine
· Antiadrenergic
drugs: Prazosin, Terazosin, Tamsulosin, Propranolol, Atenolol, Timolol
Unit
5: Respiratory System Drugs 8hrs
5.1 Define cough, asthma, COPD
5.2 General mechanism of action, use,
side effect, contraindication, precaution and dose of commonly used
· Drugs
used in cough: Anti-tussives (Codeine, Dextromethorphan) Expectorant:
(Ammonium Chloride,
Bromohexine, Guafensin)
· Drugs
used in asthma and COPD: Bronchodilators: Salbutamol, salmeterol,
Theophyllin-Aminophylline
Unit
6: Antimicrobial Drugs 44
hrs
6.1 Classification of antimicrobials
according to their mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, type of action,
type of organism against which the antibiotics are active
6.2 General principles of antimicrobial therapy
6.3 microbial resistance, mechanism and types
6.4 General mechanism of action, use, side effect,
contraindication, precaution and dose of commonly used
· Sulphonamides:
Co-trimoxazole, Sulphasalazine, Sulphacetamide, Silver sulfadiazine
· Penicillin
(including new generation penicillin e.g., meropenems ,carbapenems and
monobactams): Benzylpencillin,
Phenoxymethylpencillin, Ampicillin, Cloxacillin,Amoxycillin
· Cephalosporin: Cephalexin, Cefaclor, Cefotaxime,
Cefuroxime
· Beta
lactam inhibitors and their combination: clavulanic acid, sulbactam
· Tetracycline:
Tetracycline, Doxycycline
· Aminoglycosides:
Streptomycin, Gentamycin, Kanamycin,Amikacin
· Macrolides:
Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin
· Quinolones
and fluoroquinolones: Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin,
Nitrofurantoin, Levofloxacin
· Antitubercular
drugs: First line: INH, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol
2nd line: PAS, Cycloserine, Ciprofloxacin
· Antileproticdrugs:Dapsone,clofazimine
· Antifungal
: Nystatin, Griseofulvin, Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole, Fluconazole
· Antiviral
: Amantadine, Antiretroviral drugs
· Antimalarial
: chloroquine, primaquine, mefloquine, quinine, artemisin
· Antiprotozoal
: Metronidazole, DiloxanideFuroate, Tinidazole
· Antihelmentics:
Albendazole, Mebendazole, Pyrantalpamoate, Niclosamide, Praziquintel,
Diethylcarbamazine citrate
Practical
Unit 1.
Pharmacology laboratory set up 6 hrs
1.1 familiarize
with the different instruments /equipment of pharmacology laboratory in
specimen
/slide show/ pictures and diagrams
Unit 2.
Clinical measurement 10hrs
2.1 measure the temperature /pulse rate/ respiration
rate/blood pressure of human volunteers
Unit 3.
Interpretation of pharmacological data
25hrs
3.1 Simulated data interpretation from existing data base.
Unit 4. Case
studies
30hrs
4.1 Drugs use in clinical setting (at least 10 case
studies)
Unit
5. To prepare drug profile of commonly used drugs 7hrs
References
1 Pharmacology by Satoskar and Bhandarar.
2 Martindale: The extra pharmacopoeia. 29th Ed.
3 British pharmacopoea.
4 Indian pharmacopoea.
5 CIMS published by Bio –
gard medical service (Bangalore).
6 MIMS published by mims India, New Delhi.
7 Gadam’s
Pharmacology.
8 Essentials of Pharmacology by V.D. Tripathi
Pharmaceutical Chemistry I
Theory
total: 156 hrs (4hrs/week) Full marks:
150 (Th. 100+Pr. 50)
Practical
total: 78 hrs (2 hrs/week) Pass marks:
70 (Th. 40+Pr. 30)
Course
description
This course is designed to acquaint students with the
knowledge and skills on inorganic part of Pharmaceutical and medicinal
chemistry. This course focuses on the official literatures recommended by the
Drug Control Authority, physico-chemical properties of inorganic pharmaceutical
ingredients and biological action in relation to their chemical structure and
different methods of their quality control.
Course
objective
After completion of this course the student will able to:
1.
Interpret the inorganic pharmaceutical
ingredients, official monographs and articles.
2.
Describe the physico-chemical properties,
method(s) of quality control, storage, stability, incompatibilities and
medicinal and pharmaceutical use of various ingredients.
Theory
Unit
1: Introduction 4
hrs
1.1 Describe the importance of
inorganic drug molecules as a whole and focus to pharmacy. 1.2 Explain
pharmacopoeia, official monograph and their importance.
1.3 Interpret one pharmacopoeial monograph as an example.
1.4 Describe the physico-chemical properties, method(s) of quality
control, storage, stability, and incompatibilities and medicinal and
pharmaceutical use of all ingredients mentioned below (Unit-II to VIII).
Unit
2: Acids, Bases, Buffers, Antioxidants and Preservatives 12
hrs
2.1 Boric acid, Hydrochloric acid,
2.2 Strong ammonia solution, Calcium
hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, Potassium hydroxide, 2.3 Citric acid, Sodium
citrate, Sodium phosphate,
2.4 Sodium benzoate, and Parabens,
2.5 Sodium metabisulphide, Thiourea, BHA and BHT.
Unit
3: Gastrointestinal agents 12
hrs
3.1 Acidifying agent Hydrochloric acid.
3.2 Antacids: Sodium bicarbonate, Aluminum hydroxide gel,
Magnesium carbonate, Magnesium aluminum silicate, Magaldrate, Magnesium
Trisilicate, combination of antacids. 3.3 Protective, adsorbents, and Laxative:
Charcol, Bismuth, Kaolin, Magnesium Sulphate andzinc Sulphate.
Unit
4: Topical agents 10
hrs
4.1 Protective: Talc, Zinc Oxide, calamine, Titanium
dioxide.
4.2 Anti-microbial and astringents: H2O2, KMNO 4, chlorinate lime, Iodine,
povidone
iodine,boric acid, silver nitrate,
mercury compounds sulphur compound, Selenium sulphide. 5.2 Astringents: Alum,
Zinc sulphate.
Unit
5: Inorganic compounds used in dentistry
4
hrs
5.1 Sodium fluoride, Stannous
fluoride, Calcium salts, Strontium chloride and Zinc sulphate lotion.
Unit 6:
Inhalants and stimulants, expectorants, emetics and antidote 8
hrs
6.1 Oxygen, Carbon dioxide and Nitrous oxide,
6.2 Ammonium carbonate, ammonium chloride, potassium
iodide and sodium nitrate.
Unit
7: Major intra and extra cellular electrolytes
10
hrs
7.1 Acid-base balance and replacement Therapy,
7.2 NaCl, KCl, NaHCO3, Ringer lactate and other electrolyte for the correction
of salt and
electrolyte balance special focus to diarrhea, dietary
deficiency and Cholera.
Unit
8: Radiopharmaceuticals 4
hrs
8.1 Definition and handling of Radiopharmaceuticals and measurement of radiation with GM Counter
8.2 Alpha, Beta
,Gama Radiations, Radio Isotopes of Iodine131, Gold 198, Technitium 99 M and Calcium 47
Unit
9: Quality Control of Inorganic active pharmaceutical ingredients. 92
hrs
9.1. Define Quality control and Quality assurance
9.2Describe sources of impurities in pharmaceutical
ingredients.
9.2 Explain identification tests for
cations and anions and limit tests for
chloride, sulphate, iron and heavy metals as per pharmacopeias
9.3 Explain melting, point, boiling
point, specific gravity and other physico-chemicalparameters of inorganic
ingredients.
9.4 Volumetric Analysis
· Volumetric
Analysis Formulae
· Eqv.
Mass of Oxidant and Reductant
· Concentration
of Solution
· Normality
Factor (f)
· Standard
Solution
· Titration
· Selection
of pH indicator (choice of pH indicator)
· Determination
of concentration of solution (Normality equation)
1. Different ways of expressing the concentration
of solutions
i. Molarity, ii. Normality iii. Molality iv. Gram / Litre v.
Percentage
2.
Titration
i. acid-base titration ii. Redox titration
· Primary
standard substances, primary standard solution, secondary standard solution,
end
point, equivalence point, neutral point, indicators
Introduce normality equation
· Relation
between normality, molarity and percentage
· Selection
of indicators in acid-base titration and pH curve
9.5 Introduce Chromatography,
introduce stationary phase and mobile phase. Describe the chromatographic
techniques with special focus to Column Chromatography and introduce HPLC.
Practical
Unit 1:
Arrangement of the basic preparation for the quality control experiments of
inorganic
pharmaceutical ingredient 4
hrs
1.1 Perform the Monograph/protocol interpretation of given
experiment.
1.2 Prepare necessary glasswares.
1.3 Handle instrument/apparatus for the given experiment/s
and perform their operation.
Unit 2:
Experiments on pharmacopoeial identification tests of cations and anions 20 hrs
2.1 Carry out identification tests of the following
Cations: Al, Ba, Bi, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn,
Fe, Ni, Ag, Na, K, Mg.
2.2 Carry out identification tests of
the following Anions: halides, Thiocyanate, phosphate, Sulphate, borate,
Bromate and bromide, carbonate, nitrate.
Unit 3:
Experiments on qualitative inorganic analysis of ions and radicals from unknown
compounds 10
hrs
3.1 Perform the analysis of mixture containing cations.
3.2 Perform analysis of mixture containing anions.
Unit
4: Experiments on limit tests 10
hrs
4.1 Carry out the test for heavy metals - Iron and Mercury
(two experiments only).
4.2 Carry out the test for Chloride, Sulphate.
Unit 5:
Experiments on reagent preparations, pH determination and volumetric analysis
representing
all methods of titrations 34
hrs
5.1 Prepare necessary reagents- acid,
alkali, salt solution and their standardization (percentage w/w, percentage w/v, Molarity,
Molality, and Normality)
5.2 Perform the experiment on the
change in pH on the addition of strong acid and strong base in acidic, basic,
neutral and buffered solution.
5.3 Perform the titration of strong
acid and strong base. 5.4 Carry out the titration of weak acid and weak base.
5.5 Perform the titration of weak acid and strong base.
5.6 Carry out the titration of strong acid and weak base.
5.7 Perform the titration of polyprotoeic acid and strong
base.
References
(Latest edition to be referred of all the Books):
1.
Mahadik
KR and Kucher BS- Concise inorganic Pharmaceutical chemistry, Nirali
Prakashan, 2004.
2.
Mahadik
KR and Kucher BS- Concise organic Pharmaceutical chemistry, Nirali
Prakashan, 2004.
3.
Kasture
AV and Wadker- Pharmaceutical chemistry I & II NiraliPrakashan.
4.
Bekeet
AH and Stenlk- Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry 4th edition Part I & II.
5.
Kasture
AV and Wadker- Practical Pharmaceutical chemistry I & II, NiraliPrakashan.
6.
Antheron
LM-Bently’s& Drivers text book of Pharmaceutical chemistry, Oxford
University Press London.
7.
Kadam
et.al – Principles of Medicinal
Chemistry Vol. I & II.
8.
Kasture
AV et.al – Pharmaceutical analysis Vol I
& II, NiraliPrakashan.
9.
Daniel
C Harris- Quantitive Chemical Analysis, W H Freeman and Company.
10. Jeffrey GH
et.al-Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis 5th Edition.
11.
Tipins
HP Dhake AS- Inorganic Pharmaceutical chemistry, Career publication, 2002.
12.
Belsare
P and Dhake AS- Inorganic Chemistry (Practical), Career publication.
13.
Indian
Pharmacopoeia latest edition.
14.
British
Pharmacopoeia latest edition.
Pharmacognosy
Theory
total: 117 hrs (3 hrs/week) Full marks:
150 (Th. 100+Pr. 50)
Practical
total: 78 hrs (2 hrs/week) Pass marks:
70 (Th. 40+Pr. 30)
Course
Description
This course is designed to provide
students the skill and knowledge about pharmacognosy. It deals with the basic
concepts of medicinal plants used in complementary and traditional system of
medicine. Especially, this course focuses on phytochemistry, analytical process
and microscopy of medicinal plants and their uses.
Course
Objectives
After completion of the course the students will be able
to:
1.
Explain the history and scope of
pharmacognosy.
2.
Classify the drugs of natural origin.
3.
Explain method of cultivation, collection,
standardization, drying and storage of medicinal plants.
4.
Explain Glycoside, Alkaloids, Phenolic
compounds, Tannins, Volatile oils
5.
Explain the source, characteristics and uses
of pharmaceutical aids of natural origin.
6.
Describe source, geographical distribution,
microscopic and macroscopic features, active constituents and uses of the plant
drugs.
7.
Explain and carry out microscopical and thin
layer chromatography method of analysis.
8 . Explain various medicinal plants of
Nepal having economic importance.
Theory
Unit
1: Introduction 14hrs
1.1 Introduction
to Pharmacognosy
1.2 History,
scope and importance of Pharmacognosy
1.3 Classification
of crude drugs
1.4 Complementary
and alternative system of medicine and its different dosage forms (focusing
on Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Siddha and Unani systems of
medicine).
Unit
2: Plants to crude drugs 5hrs
2.1 Method of cultivation
2.2 Collection, drying and storage of crude drugs
Unit
3. Introduction to parts of plants 10hrs
3.1 Cell and its organelles
3.2 Cell inclusion (ergastric cell contents)
3.3 Plant tissues
3.4 Microscopy and morphology of plants (leaves, root,
stem, flower, fruits, seed, bark and rhizome.
Unit
4. Quality control and evaluation of crude drugs 15hrs
4.1 Drug
adulteration
4.2 World
Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for the quality assessment of crude drugs
4.3 Evaluation
methods (macroscopical, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological)
4.4 Principles
and types of chromatographic techniques (Thin layer chromatography and paper
chromatography)
4.5 Microscopical
Techniques of analysis
Unit 5.
Phytochemistry 26
hrs
5.1Plant analysis
5.2General properties, method of extraction,
classification, chemical tests and uses of the following phytoconstituents.
- Alkaloids
- Glycosides
- Volatile oil
- Tannin
- Resin
Unit
6. Pharmacognostic study of crude drugs 30hrs
· Different
phytochemical constituents containing plants with reference to biological
source,
geographical distribution,
macroscopical characters, microscopical characters, chemical constituents and
uses:
Alkaloids:
Stramonium,
Belladonna, Rauwolfia, Vinca, Ergot, Ipecacuanhua, Ephedra,
Vasaka, Berberis
Glycosides: Digitalis, Senna, Rhubarb, Glycyrrhiza, Dioscorea,
Podophyllum, Sapindus,
Chiraita, Neem
Volatile oil :
Fennel, Lemon grass,
Clove, Cinnamon, Eucalyptus,
Ajwain, Mentha,
Cardamom, Nardostachys, Gaultheria, Ginger, Acorus,
Valeriana
Resin : Cannabis,
Picrorhiza
Unit
7: pharmaceuticals Aids (focusing on source, properties, and uses) 10hrs
7.1 Starch, Gum Acacia, Tragacanth, Agar
7.2 Cod liver oil, Gelatin, Beeswax, Honey
7.3 Liquid
paraffin
Unit
8: Status of medicinal plants of
Nepal 7
hrs
State vernacular name, English name,
botanical name, family, distribution, habitat, parts used, morphological
characteristics and uses of following medicinal plants of economic importance
found in Nepal.
· Panchaunle (Dactylorhizahatagirea)
· Sugandhakokila
(Cinnamomumglaucescens)
· Yarshagumba
(Cordycepsinensis)
· Harro
(Terminalia chebula)
· Pipla
( Piper
longum)
· Barro
(Terminalia balerica)
· Satawari(Asparagus racemosus )
· Timur
(Zantoxylumarmatum)
· Gurjo
(Tinosporasinensis)
· Amala
(Emblica officinalis)
· Taxus (Taxuswallichina)
Practical
Unit
1. Pharmacognostical studies 22hrs
Perform the organoleptic test,
physical and chemical test and microscopical examination of medicinally useful
parts of the following drugs:
Digitalis, Chiraita, Ephedra, Mentha,
Rhubarb, Stramonium, Vinca, Fennel, Berberis, Clove, Cinnamon, Ginger, Vasaka
and Acorus
Unit
2. Extraction procedures 14hrs
1.
Carry
out the extraction of the following medicinal and aromatic plants applying
hydro
distillation and solvent extraction technique: Vasaka,
Rauwolfia, Fennel and Clove
Unit
3: Thin Layer Chromatography 8hrs
1.
Carry
out thin layer chromatographic method of analysis of plant extracts.
Unit
4: Chemical test for active ingredients 10hrs
1.
Carry
out chemical tests for alkaloids, glycosides, tannins and volatile oils
Unit V: Field
trip
1.
Perform
field trip of at least three institutions related to medicinal plants and write
report
on it.
Text Books
1.
W.
C. Evans: Trease & Evans Pharmacognosy 15 Edition. W. B. Saunders. Edinburg
2002.
2.
Wallis
T. E. – Practical Pharmacognosy.
3.
Shah
C. S. & Quadry – A text Book of
Pharmacognosy.
Reference
Books
1.
Medicinal
plants of Nepal – Bulletin of Department
of Medicinal plants. No. 3. Ministry
of Forest and Soil conservation. Department of Plant
Resources, Kathmandu, 1997.
2.
Standards
of Medicinal Plants for Ayurvedic Drugs: A publication of Department of
Medicinal Plants.
3.
Gokhale.
Pharmacognosy (Diploma), 2004, India.
4.
Gokhale
and Kokate. Practical Pharmacognosy, 2002, India.
5.
Kokate.
Pharmacognosy, 2004, India.
6.
Quality
control of Medicinal plants: A publication of WHO, 1998.
7.
Dr.
SB Malla et al., Identification Manual for some Non Timber Forestry Products of
Nepal: Forest Resource information system project
HMGN/FINIDA.
Biochemistry and Microbiology
Theory total:
78 hrs (2 hrs/week)
Full marks: 100 (Th.80+Pr.20)
Practical total: 39 hrs (1 hrs/week)
Pass marks: 40(Th. 32+Pr.8) Course Description
This course is designed to equip
students with the knowledge and skills of Biochemistry and Microbiology. The
course is also focused on the basic metabolism and qualitative and quantitative
tests biomolecules. The course equips the students with the basic knowledge of
microbiology.
Course
Objectives
After completing the course the student will be able to:
1.
Develop general concept of basic metabolism
and tests of Carbohydrate, amino-acids and fats.
2.
Understand the role of minerals and water for
biochemical process.
3.
Understand the immunity and role of T-cell,
B-cell and antibody.
4.
Understand the basic concepts of nucleic acid
and recombinant DNA technology
5.
Understand the properties of Microorganisms
(Bacteria, Fungus and Virus).
6.
Understand the culture media and aseptic
techniques.
Theory
Unit
1: Introduction 6hrs
1.1 Introduction
to biochemistry and its importance for health science students.
1.2 Explain
structure, composition, classification and multiplication of cell.
Unit 2:
Definition, Classification, Importance and Basic metabolism of the
followings:
25hrs
2.1 Carbohydrates
· Glycolysis,
Gluconeogenesis, Citric acid cycle
2.1 Amino
acids, Peptides and Proteins
· Transamination,
Deamination, Urea cycle
2.2 Lipids
and fatty acids
· Beta-oxidation
of palmitic acid
2.3 Interpret
the relation of Carbohydrate, Fat and protein metabolism.
2.4 Vitamins;
Definition, Classification and Clinical significances
2.5 Enzymes; Definition, Classification,
Coenzymes, Isoenzymes, Clinical enzymology
2.6 Role
of Minerals, ions and water in life processes
Unit
3: Fundamental of Immunology 6hrs
3.1 Explain Immune system and type of Immunity.
3.2 Describe Sources and properties of antigens, vaccines
and sera
3.3 Describe Anti-bodies, T and B-lymphocytes, T-cell
Unit
4: Basic concepts of nucleic acid and recombinant DNA technology 6hrs
4.1 Describe about DNA, RNA.
4.2 Introduce DNA replication.
4.3 Introduction to pharmaceutical recombinant products
Unit
5: Microbiology 35
hrs
5.1
Introduction to Pharmaceutical Microbiology.(5 hrs)
o Define Microbiology.
o Describe the historical development of
microbiology
o Application of microbiology with special
reference to pharmaceutical sciences.
5.2
Microorganisms (20 hrs)
BACTERIA: General morphology, Classification of Bacteria. Growth
curve, growth factors,
Nutrition, Requirements and factors
affecting growth. Culture Media, Bacterial cultures and staining methods,
Bacterial resistance to antibacterial therapy
VIRUSES: General introduction and Classification
FUNGI/YEAST/MOLDS: Types, morphology, pharmaceutical importance of fungi
and yeasts
5.3
NORMAL FLORA: Normal flora of skin, Intestinal
tract, ear, nose. ( 2 hrs)
5.4
Control of Microbes: (5
hrs)
· Different
method of sterilization and disinfections-
· Aseptic
techniques
· Sterility
Testing,
· Sterilization
of pharmaceutical ingredients and dosage forms.
· Environmental
monitoring
5.5 Explain microbial assay of
antibiotics and vitamins-method. (3 hrs)
Practical
Unit
1: Identification and estimation of the following: 21hrs
1.1
Perform the test of Carbohydrate: Molisch Test/ Benedict's test and
iodine test for starch. 1.2 Perform the
test for Proteins: Biuret test
In urine: Heat + Acetic acid, Sulphasalicylic acid, Strip
method.
1.3 Perform the
test for Amino acids: Ninhydrin Test
1.4 Perform the
test of Lipid: Cholesterol (Lieberman Burchard test).
1.5 Perform the
test of dextrose as blood sugar (Enzymatic test).
1.6 Perform the
test for:
· Urea
(DAM method) and Creatinine (Jafrie reaction method).
· Bilirubin
(Vandenberg reaction)
· Calcium
(OCP Method).
1.7 Perform qualitative
tests of abnormal
urinary constituents (Glucose,
ketone bodies, hemoglobin)
Unit
2: Microbiology practical (18hrs)
2.1 Perform
staining and microscopic examination of Sputum by ZN stain
2.2 Identify
microorganism by gram stain
2.3 Demonstrate
various bacterial colonies
2.4 Carry out dry heat sterilization and moist heat
sterilization
2.5 Demonstrate the antibiotic sensitivity test
References
1.
Furest
R - Micorbiology in Health and Disease, W.B Saunder& Co,
2.
Bialley
and Scott - Digonostic Microbiology.
3.
Rawling's
EA-Benty's text book of Pharmaceutics. All India Traveller Book Sellers
Pathophysiology
Theory
total: 78hrs (2 hrs/week) Full
marks: 50
Pass marks:
20
Course
Description
This course is designed to equip students with the
knowledge and skills of Pathophysiology
Course
Objectives
After completing the course the student will be able to:
1.
Know about the human body system.
2.
Understand the Pathophysiolology of blood and
urine.
3.
Understand the basic concepts of hormones.
Unit-1:
Introduction to pathophysiology 38hrs
1.1 Introduction, Pathogenesis, Sign and symptoms and
management of the following diseases
· Gastric/peptic
ulcer, hepatitis, diarrhea, vomiting, constipation and Typhoid fever.
· Hypertension,
Angina Pectoris, Congestive heart failure and rheumatic heart disease.
· UTI,
Nephritis and Renal failure.
· Epilepsy,
Depression, Psychosis, conjunctivitis and otitis media.
· Pneumonia,
Asthma and COPD.
· Meningitis,
Myasthenia gravis, Spondilytis.
· Syphilis,
Gonorrhea and HIV-AIDS.
· Hypothyroidism
and Thyrotoxicosis, Diabetes mellitus
Unit
2: Pathophysiolology of blood and urine
20hrs
2.1 Blood: function, composition and their characteristics
2.2 Introduce pathology related to
blood cells (Anemia, Leukemia, and Thrombocytosis) 2.3 Explain normal and abnormal constituents
of urine.
Unit
3: Basic concepts of hormones 20hrs
3.1 Introduction, classification and mode of action of
hormones
3.2 Introduction to hypothalamic
hormones and hormones of anterior pituitary gland 3.4. Thyroid hormones:
functions, release, transport and TFT,
3.5. Insulin and Glucagon: structure, release, functions
and synthesis
3.6. Adrenocorticoides and
Mineralocorticoids: functions, release and transport 3.7. Parathyroid Hormone:
functions and release
3.8. Male and Female sex hormones: functions, release and
transport
References
1.
Kulkani
MV et.al- Biochemistry, Nirali Prakashan.
2.
Essentials
of pathophysiology for pharmacy, Martin M. Zdanowicz, CRC Press.
3.
Hugo
& Russell’s Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Stephen P Denyer, Norman Hodges,
Sean P. Gorman Brendan F. Gilmore
4.
Chaudari
MA and Gokhale S B- Biochemistry and Clinical Pathology, Nirali Prakashan.
5.
Mc
Murry J and Castellion E Mary- Fundamentals of Organic and Biological
Chemistry,
Prentic Hall
6.
Kale-Practical
Biochemistry and Clinical Pathology, Book Syndicate Mumbai
7. Robins et.al. Pathological basis of Disease, Churchil Levingtion
8.
Lenniger
AC- Principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publication
9.
Chessebrough
M - Medical laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries Vol. I and II ELBS
10.
Mukarjee
K.C- Handbook of medical Laboratory Technology
11.
Handbook
of Medical Laboratory Technology CMC Vellore
12.
Herold
Varley - Practical Clinical Biochemistry
13.
I
D P Watton Microanalysis in Medicinal Chemistry.
14. Manual methods In Clinical Chemistry - WHO publication.
Pharmaceutical Management
Theory total:
78 hrs (2 hrs/week)
Full marks: 100 (Th.80+Pr.20)
Practical total: 39 hrs (1 hr/week)
Pass marks: 40(Th. 32+Pr.8) Course Description
This course is designed to equip
students with the knowledge and skills on business organization and management,
economic theory and financial management. The course is also focused on
management of a
community pharmacy, management
of Public Medicine
supply and pharmaceutical
marketing.
Course
Objectives
After completing the course the student will be able to:
1.
Develop
general concept of business organization and management.
2.
Conceptualize
economic theory applicable to pharmaceuticals.
3.
Develop basic
managerial skills and
financial management skills
applicable in
pharmaceutical sectors.
4.
Develop
concept of marketing skills and apply them in the pharmaceutical sector.
5.
Manage
community pharmacy.
Theory
Unit
1: General concept of management 15hrs
1.1 Describe the concept of management: process,
discipline and characteristics.
1.2 Illustrate in brief about major management functions.
1.3 Distinguish between management and administration
1.4 Describe management skills and abilities.
1.5 Explain in brief about general principles of
management, Taylor’s scientific management
theory.
1.6 Explain in brief about planning and organizing
1.7 Describe nature and process of controlling.
1.8 Explain decision-making.
1.9 Describe direction and motivation. Maslow's theory of
motivation
1.10 Explain leadership and supervision.
Unit
2: Entrepreneurship and Pharmaceutical Organization 3hrs
2.1. Define entrepreneurship, general characteristics of
entrepreneur and its types
2.2. Explain business organization in
pharmaceutical enterprises (industry, trade, hospital and Community).
Unit
3: General concept on economic theory with focus to pharmaceuticals 10hrs
2.1 Define economics (Adam Smith and Robin's definition)
and pharmaco-economics
2.2 Define market economy and its types
2.2 Explain theory of demand.
2.3 Illustrate consumer behavior.
2.4 Describe revenue and cost curves.
2.5 Describe theory of price and
output determination in perfect competition and monopolistic market
2.6 Define public finance
2.7 Define taxation and its types
Unit 3:
Pharmaceutical Finance and Accounting management 15hrs
3.1 Describe general concept of cost and cost accounting.
3.2 General concept of Journal
Voucher, Ledger, Trial Balance and Balance Sheet. 3.3 Describe concept of
capital and capital management.
3.4 Explain calculation of turnover, working capital, Income statement, cost volume profit
analysis and investment return ratios.
3.5 Define break-even point with graphical and
mathematical calculation
Unit
4: Drug Supply Management in Public Sector 10hrs
4.1 General concept on Essential medicine and essential medicine
list, selection criteria for essential medicine list
4.2 Define Standard Treatment Schedule and its importance
4.3 Quantification techniques for medicine procurement
4.2 General concept on procurement
cycle. Describe purchasing procedure including tender procedures.
4.3 Explain storage of medicines including vaccines.
4.4 General concept on the
distribution system of medicine for outreach supply 4.5 Describe monitoring
process in distribution of medicine
4.6 Define rational drug use and explain its importance
Unit
5: Pharmaceutical marketing 22hrs
4.6 Define
market and its types
4.7 Explain
general concepts on elements of marketing
4.8 General
concept on creation of demand for pharmaceutical goods
4.9 Basic
concept of Marketing and marketing management (traditional and modern concept)
i.e.
production, product, sales marketing and societal
marketing.
5.5 Marketing segmentation
of pharmaceuticals: marketing
segmentation, target marketing, product positioning, tools of
product differentiation.
5.6 Define marketing mix. Explain the elements of
marketing mix
5.7 Explain marketing process in general
5.8 Explain general concept on sales promotion
5.9 Product and Pricing
Decision of pharmaceutical: New product
development, Decisions relating
to product: product mix and product line decisions, branding and packing
decision, product pricing.
5.10 Product promotion and Modern marketing of
pharmaceuticals: a) Definition and promotional decision including personal
selling, designing of promotional materials, advertising and sale
promotion, public relation,
personal selling. b)
Introduction to export
marketing globalization, web marketing, green marketing, network
marketing, event marketing.
5.11 Tactics in detailing on pharmaceutical products
Unit
6: Human Resource Management in Pharmaceuticals 3hrs
6.1Basic concept of Human resource management
6.2Components of HRM [Recruitment and selection: a) concept,
process, source b) process of selection, interview. c) Placement: orientation,
socialization]
6.3 Motivation and training for HRM
Practical
Unit
1: Pharmaceutical organization & management 10
hrs.
1.1 Prepare
organogram of pharmaceutical industry
1.2 Prepare
a marketing plan for the given product of pharmaceutical products.
Unit
2: Financial management in pharmaceutical sectors 25 hrs.
2.1 Calculate turnover, working
capital, Income, cost volume, profit and investment return ratios .
2.2Perform break-even point with graphical and
mathematical calculation
Unit
3: Management of Different Pharmaceutical product 4 hrs.
3.1 Prepare a survey report on the market of the given
pharmaceutical product in different location.
References:
1. Managing Drug Supply, Published by HMG, DHS/MoH.
Health Education & Health
Care System
Theory
total: 117 hrs (3 hrs/week) Full marks:
100 (Th. 80+Pr. 20)
Practical
total: 78 hrs (2 hrs/week) Pass marks:
44 (Th. 32+Pr. 12)
Course
Description
This course is designed to acquaint
students with knowledge and skills on health education and health care delivery
system of Nepal as well as first-aid treatment.
Course
objectives
After completion of course the student will be able to:
1.
Find
out health education needs related to pharmacy and deliberate both planned and
incidental health education to individual, family and the
community.
2.
Apply
different health education methods and media to increase adherence to drug
therapy.
3.
Change
the pharmaceuticals behavior of individual, family and the community.
4.
Understand
health care delivery system in Nepal.
5.
Provide
contribution in PHC activities as a pharmacy assistant.
6.
Provide
the first aid treatment.
Theory
Unit
1. Health education 28hrs
1.1: Concept
of Health
· Define
health.
· Differentiate
promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative.
· Describe
concept, causation and prevention of disease.
· Describe
level of prevention.
· List
factors that influence health.
1.2 Principles and scope of health education:
· Describe
scope of health education.
· Explain
principles of health education.
· State
importance of health education in pharmacy
· Identify
health education needs related to pharmacy
Unit
2: Learning 4
hrs
· Define learning.
· Describe different way of learning such as; by
hearing, by seeing, by doing, by
repetition, and by imitation.
· Change
process: concept, need for change, hindrance of change
· Explain
factor-affecting learning.
· Biological factors such as condition of
sensory organs.
· Physical factors.
· Socio-culture factors.
· Physiological factors.
Unit
3: Health education methods and media 15
hrs
3.1. Health education methods
· Explain
role of different methods for providing health education.
· Classify
different methods with advantages and disadvantages
o Individual method: Interview and Counseling.
o Group method: Group discussion, Role-play,
Brain storming, Work-shop etc.
o Mass Method: Lecture, exhibition etc.
3.2. Health education media:
· Classify
different health education media.
· Advantages
and disadvantages of each media.
· Describe
criteria for the selection of media.
3.4. Planning of health education
· Describe
concept and importance of planning.
· Describe
steps of planning.
· Describe
health education program planning process.
· Explain
health education program implementation.
· Define
health education program evaluation and differentiate formative and summative
evaluation.
· Describe
health education program evaluation process.
Unit 4: Primary Health Care and health care delivery
system in Nepal 23 hrs 4.1:
Primary Health Care (10 hrs)
· Define Alma-ata Declaration
· Describe
concept of Primary Health Care.
· Define
Primary Health Care.
· Explain
principles of Primary Health Care.
· List
and explain elements of Primary Health Care.
· Describe
implementation of PHC (in terms of WHO and government of Nepal).
· Describe
role of pharmacist in PHC.
4.2: History
of health care delivery system in Nepal
(13 hrs)
· Describe
the health care delivery system in Nepal.
· Health
care delivery systems
o Traditional health care
§ Without
system: Dhami, Jhankri, Lama, Guvaju etc.
§ With
system: Ayurvedic, Homeopathy, Unani, Accupuncture/naturopathy
o Modern health care
§ Concept
of Allopathic medicine
· Health
policies and programs
o Objectives of current National Health Policy
o Current National Health Sector Support
Program
o Concept of Millennium development goal on
health
· Describe
recent organogram of Ministry of Health (MoH).
· Explain
healthcare management models.
Unit
5: Vector Borne Disease 5
hrs
· Define
vector
· Source
of vector
· Vector
borne diseases (Malaria/Filiarisis/Kala-azar/Influenza 1 & 2/Dengue
Fever/Japanese Encephalitis)
· Preventive
measures of vector borne disease
Unit
6: Nutrition 3
hrs
· Define
Nutrition
· Classification
of food (Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein, Minerals, Vitamins)
· Nutrition
deficiency disorders (Night blindness, Goitre, Kwashiorker, Marasmus and
Anemia)
Unit 7:
Family Planning 2 hrs
· Define
family planning
· Methods
of family planning
Unit
8: First Aid 35
hrs
8.1 Diagnosis and treatment. 12
hrs
Identify and manage the following:
· Emergency
/ General treatment of poisoning.
· Emergency
/ general treatment of shock.
· Emergency/general
treatment of snakebites.
· Emergency/general
treatment of burns.
· Emergency/general
treatment of fractures.
· Emergency/general
treatment of drowning.
8.2
Abdominal Pain 2
hrs
Identify the following:
· Generalized
abdominal pain.
· Upper
abdominal pain.
· Pain
in kidney.
· Blood
in vomit and stool.
8.3 Cough and breathing problems 3
hrs
Identify the following:
· Chest
pain.
· Cough
in children under five.
· Cough
in adult.
· Difficulty
in breathing.
8.4
Diarrhea and vomiting (rehydration and fluid therapy) 4
hrs
Identify and manage the following:
· Diarrhea.
· Vomiting.
8.5
Fever 2
hrs
Identify and manage the following:
35
· Acute fever.
· Chronic
fever.
8.6
Minor skin problems 2
hrs
Identify and manage the following:
· General
illness, fever and rashes.
· Itching.
· Ulcers.
· Red,
scaly, flaking rash.
8.7
Musculo-skeletal problem 2
hrs
Identify and manage the following:
· Backache.
· Pain
in joints.
· Weakness
in arm, legs, difficulty in walking.
8.8
Nutritional deficiency 4
hrs
Identify and manage the following:
· Failure
to weight gain in child.
· Weight
loss in adult.
· Weakness
with anaemia.
8.9
Minor eye, ear, nose problems 4
hrs
Identify and manage the following:
· Red
eye with pain.
· Red
eye without pain.
· Ear
pain.
· Ear
discharge.
· Blocked
nose.
· Foreign
body.
Practical
Unit
1: Health education 42
hrs
1.1 Educational
diagnosis survey (in hospital or health post or community): 12 hrs
· Select
topic of interest.
· Prepare
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) questionnaire.
· Collect
data from patients (1 day field).
· Analyze
and interpret data.
· Find
out problem.
· Prioritize
problems.
1.2 Preparation of
a plan:
Prepare a plan for the development of a health education
action project based on
results of the health education
survey. 6 hrs
1.3 Organization
and assessment:
Organize and conduct a health education action project and
assess the effectiveness
of it (1 day field). 6
hrs
1.4
Demonstration of different methods of presentation: 12
hrs
· Prepare
subject or text.
· Present
those texts by using different health education methods.
1.5
Demonstration of operating process of Overhead Projector (OHP): 6
hrs
· Prepare
appropriate text in transparencies.
· Operate
overhead projector.
· Deliver
that text using mini-lecture method.
Unit 2: Health care system 12 hrs
2.1 Visit of health facility (PHCC/HP/SHP): 12 hrs
· Make an organogram of health facility.
· Observe activities delivered to the patient and community.
· Identify eight elements of PHC focusing on most frequently and rarely
performed elements.
· Make a field visit report.
Unit 3: First-aid 24 hrs
3.1 Demonstration of different types of splint: 3 hrs
· Demonstrate the process of immobilization using splint.
3.2 Demonstration of tourniquet: 3 hrs
· Locate suitable place for tourniquet.
· Use tourniquet appropriately.
3.3 Demonstration of ORS: 2 hrs
· Demonstrate the process of making ORS.
3.4 Visit of health facility (Hospital/PHCC/HP/SHP): 16 hrs
· Observe signs and symptoms of common emergency problems.
· Observe management procedure of common emergency problems.
· Diagnose common emergency problems.
· Manage common emergency problems.
References
1. Park, J.E. and park, K, textbook of social and preventive medicine (recent edition).
2. Pradhan, H.B., A textbook of Health Education. Educational Resources for Health, 1995.
3. Community Health Nursing
4. Macmohan, R. et al. WHO current edition A guide to management in primary health
care
5. Kamala, T. & Bishnu, R. Health learning materials centre, Tribhhuwan University,
Kathmandu. 1990. Leadership and management for nurses.
6. Warner, D. “Helping Health workers Learn”
7. “Primary Health Care in Nepalese context”, Journal of Institute of Medicine, Vol. 1,
No. 1, Feb 1979, pp 27 – 49.
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