4 Years Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) Programme
B.Sc. second year Zoology
Course
Title :
Chordata, Comparative Anatomy and Evolution Full
Marks: 100
Course
No. : B.Sc.
Zool.201 Pass
Marks: 35
Nature
of Course : Theory Year:
II
Instruction Lectures : 150
Objectives of the Course:
At the
end of course students will be able to:
· Classify various species of Chordates based
on important characteristics.
· Understand the origin, evolution and
adaptive radiation of various classes.
· Be familiar with the fauna of Nepal and
their status.
· Understand fundamental aspects of animal
behaviours.
· Know the functional anatomy of each class.
· Be familiar with concepts and principles of
evolution and biogeography.
Teaching materials required to fulfill the objectives are boards,
charts, flex prints, overhead projector (OHP),power-point projector
and
other basic teaching materials prepared by teachers and as provided by the campuses.
Unit
Sub-unit Characteristics and classification
Description of content Diagnostic characters (especially notochord –vertebral column)
and basis of classification
of the sub-unit (depth)
Group A1: Chordata
Unit Sub-unit Description of content of
thesub-unit(depth)
Agnatha Characteristics
and Diagnostic characters (especially notochord
(3 Lectures) classification vertebral column)and basis of
classification.
Salient features of Systematic
position, distribution, habits
and
Petromyzon habitat.External features
Salient features of Systematic
position, distribution, habits
and
Myxine habitat.External features.
Pisces Characteristics and Diagnostic characters and basis of
classification
(12 Lectures) classification (up to orders with important families found in Nepal).
Origin
and evolution Origin of fishes: Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous)
and Osteichthyes (bony fishes), evolution of cartilaginous andbony fishes.
Adaptive
radiation Introduction, body
forms and swimming, feedings,
protective mechanism, accessory
respiratory
organs.
Scales
and Fins Different types
of scales and
fins, and their
function.
Parental
care Purpose and
various forms of parental
care in
fishes.
Migration Introduction; causes and
advantages of migration
andtheirtypes.
Fish identification Introduction, criteria:
external features (body
techniques form/shape, features
in head, fins, lateral
line,
scales
and other dermal features, pigmentation and
colour
patterns).
Endemic species, Endemic fishes and
their distribution, diversity
diversity and and distribution of fishes in different ecological regions
distribution
of fishes
in Nepal
Amphibia Characteristics and Diagnostic characters and basis of classification
(12 Lectures) classification (up to
orders with important families found
in Nepal).
Origin and evolution Earliest amphibians, origin and evolution of modern amphibians
Adaptive radiation Introduction, various
types of adaptation in
amphibians: terrestrial, aquatic, burrowing, cave,
volantandarboreal.
Metamorphosis and Metamorphosis- Types and
factors affecting
neoteny metamorphosis; Neoteny and paedogenesis. Types and significance of neoteny.
Parental
care Purpose and
various forms of parental
care in
amphibians.
Endemic
species, Endemic
amphibians and their distribution,
diversity and diversity and distribution of amphibians in
distribution
of different
ecological regions.
amphibians in Nepal
Reptilia Characteristics and Diagnostic characters and basis of classification
(12 Lectures) classification (up to
orders with important
families found
Origin
and evolution Amphibian origin, Stem
reptile (Cotylosauria),
Ancestry through Seymouria, Limnoscelis and Diadectes. Evolutionary tree.
Adaptive
radiation Introduction,
Various types of
adaptations in
reptiles: arboreal, aerial, amphibious, fossorial and desert.
Affinities of Introduction, features of S phenodon
Sphenodon Sphenodon (Rhyncocephalia) with amphibian, Dinosaurs,Chelonia, LacertiliaandCrocodilia.
Poisonous and
non- Introduction,
poison apparatus (poison
glands,
poisonous snakes poison ducts, and fangs), distinction between poisonous and non-poisonous snakes.
Biting
mechanism of Biting mechanism. Types
of venom, symptoms of
snakes.Nature of snake bite.
snake's venom
and
its action.
First-aid
treatment
on snake
bite
Endemic species, Endemic reptiles and their distribution, diversity
diversity and and distribution of reptiles in different ecological region. distribution of
reptiles in Nepal
Aves Characteristics and Diagnostic characters and basis of classification
(15 Lectures) classification (up to orders with important families found in Nepal)
.
Origin
and evolution Introduction,
origin and evolution of birds.
Archaeopteryx and
its characters. Proaves.
Concept of monophyletic
and diphyletic origin.
Birds
as glorified reptiles.
Adaptive
radiation Introduction,
types of
adaptation in birds
(morphological,
anatomical, physiological and
behavioral
modifications).
Feathers.
Flight and Types of feathers.
Flight muscles and mechanism.
perching mechanism Perchingmuscles andmechanism.
Migration Introduction, migratory
and resident birds, kinds
of migration, modes of flight in migration,
problems of
migration (navigation, origin,
stimulus
or cue). Advantages and disadvantages of
avian
migration.
Palate Introduction, kinds
of palate-dromaeognathous,
Endemic species, Endemic birds
and their distribution,
diversity
diversity and and distribution of birds in different ecological regions
distribution
of birds .
in Nepal
Pheasants
of Nepal Pheasant species and
their distribution in Nepal.
Important bird Introduction and characteristics of IBA. IBAs of
areas
(IBAs) of Nepal and
theirsignificance.
Nepal
Mammalia Characteristics and Introduction,
diagnostic characters and
basis of
(12 Lectures) classification classification (up to
orders with important families
found in Nepal ).
Origin
and evolution Introduction, amphibian
ancestry, reptilian
ancestry, ancestral mammal-like
reptiles, true
mammals.
Adaptiveradiation Introduction, mammalian adaptations; adaptive
radiation in limb structure and tooth in mammals.
Stomach Introduction, types of
stomach in mammals.
Dentition Introduction, teeth
and dentition, function,
differentiation of teeth, succession of teeth, kinds
of
teeth, dental formula with common examples
(man, dog,
rat, cow, rabbit,
elephant and
kangaroo).
Endemic species, Endemic mammal and their distribution in Nepal,
diversity and Diversity and distribution of mammals indifferent ecological regions.
distribution of
mammals in Nepal
Group A2:Group A2: Ethology
Unit Sub-unit Description
of content of the sub-unit (depth)
Ethology Introduction to Introduction,
purpose of ethological
study, brief
(10 Lectures) Ethology description
of processes of animal
behaviour:
physiological process,
social process, behavioural
ecologicaland
evolutionary process.
Development of Introduction, instinct, instinct and learning in biological
behaviour setting, genetics and behavior, nervous system &
behaviors, hormones
and behavior development,
experienceandimprinting.
Social
behaviour Introduction, social
units (solitary, pair, family, harem,
matriarchy, oligarchy, arena,
hierarchy, aggregation,
caste system),
advantage and disadvantage
of group
living,
social dominance, primate social organization.
Courtship and Introduction, purpose of courtship, courtship and mating
Mating systems in vertebrates.
Learning Introduction, types of
learning, habituation, classical and
behaviour operant conditioning, comparison between classical &
operant learning, other
aspect of learning
(advanced
learning,
insight learning and latent learning).
Memory-
short term, intermediate
and long term
memory.
Communication Introduction, means
of communication (odor,
sound,
in animals touch, vision, etc.) with examples.
Group B1: Comparative Anatomy of Chordata
Comparative study in vertebrates (fishes,amphibian,reptilian,birdsandmammals)
Unit Sub-unit Description
of content of the sub-unit (depth)
Exoskeleton Integument and Introduction.
(5 Lectures) its derivatives Integument-structureand function.
Derivatives
scutes, dermal scales
& scutes, digital
cornifications, horns, feathers, hairs. Integument in different classes
of
chordates.
Endoskeleton Axial and Introduction to endoskeleton.
(9 Lectures) appendicular Axial skeleton-Skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum.
skeleton Appendicular skeleton-limbs
and girdles.
Digestive Alimentary
canal Introduction.
organs and associated Alimentary canal,
(6 Lectures) glands Associated
digestive glands- salivary glands,
liver,
pancreas,
etc.
Respiratory Skin, gills
and Respiratory organs in
vertebrates: gills, air bladder, skin,
organs lungs.
Air sacs airsacsand lungs.
(6
Lectures)
Circulatory Hearts
and aortic Hearts-structure of
hearts in vertebrates.
organs arches. Portal Aortic arches-structure of
aortic arches in vertebrates.
(8 Lectures) systems Portal systems-renal portal andhepatic portal
veins.
Urino-genital Kidney and
its Introduction
organs ducts, gonads Vertebrate kidneys and their ducts.
(8 Lectures) and their ducts Gonads and their ducts.
Brain
and Vertebrate brain, Comparative study of brain in vertebrates.
sense
organs ear and eye Photoreceptor
or eyes andears in vertebrates.
(8
Lectures)
Group B2: Evolution and Biogeography
Unit Sub-unit Description of content of
the sub-unit (depth)
Evolution Principles of
organic Introduction,
brief account of basic
causes and
(12 Lectures) evolution principles of
organic evolution (variability,
heritability,
competition & selection)
Basic patterns
of Progressive
and retrogressive. Divergent,
evolution- sequential convergent, parallel evolution, co-evolution , micro,
and divergent macro, mega and quantum evolution
evolution,
micro,
macro,
mega and
quantum evolution
Modern synthetic Brief
review of evolutionary
theories and their
theory of evolution criticism. Detail description of modern synthetic
theory.
Variation-
types and Types
and causes (somatic, germinal,
genetic,
causes continuous
and discontinuous)
Isolation-
mechanisms, Types of isolation,
isolating mechanism and its type
types and origin (pre and post zygotic), origin of isolation
Speciation-
types and Introduction, nature of speciation,
types and modes
modes of speciation (instantaneous, gradual speciation:
allopatric
and sympatric)
Population genetics and Introduction, concept of population, gene pool and
evolution: population, gene gene frequency, Hardy-Weinberg Law, genetic
pool and gene frequency, equilibrium and genetic drift.
Hardy-Weinberg Law,
genetic equilibrium and
genetic drift
Biogeography Concept
of Introduction,
detail description of geographic,
(12 Lectures) biogeography and bathymetric and geological distribution o fanimals
distribution:
Biogeographic
patterns: Introduction, concept and
types of animal
distribution - cosmopolitan, endemic, disjunct /discontinuous, bipolar distribution, factors
affecting distribution
Biogeographic
process: Introduction, concept
of dispersal- different modes,
means and barriers of dispersal, and vicariance
Zoogeographic
realms: Geographic range, sub
realms, physical features and
representative fauna of major realms.
Theory of Island Introduction, basic concept and history, equilibrium
biogeography theory of Island biogeography, criticism of the
theory.
Zoogeographic Zoogeographic position,
Faunal characteristics,
affinities of fauna of Affinities with Palaerctic and Indo-Malayan fauna
Nepal
Text Books (latest eds.)and Suggested Readings:
Alcock, J. Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach. Sinauer Associates.
Arora,
M. P. 2003. Animal Behaviour. Himalayan Publishing House.
Baral,
H.S.& Inskipp,C. 2006. Important Bird Areas of Nepal. Himalayan Nature
Baral,
H.S. and Shah, K.B. 2008. Wild Mammals of Nepal. Himalayan Nature, Kathmandu.
Bhuju,U.R., Shakya,
P.R., Basnet, T.B. & Shrestah, S. 2007. Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book.
ICIMOD, MOEST, UNEP. Darlington, P.J. Jr. 1952. Zoogeography: The Geographical
Distribution of Animals. John Willey & Sons, New York. Darwin, C. 1859. On
the Origin of Life by means of Natural Selection. John Murray, London.
Dhami,
P.S. and Dhami, J.K. A Textbook of Zoology, vol. II & III. Pradeep Pub.,
New Delhi.
Drickamer, L.C.,
Vessey, S.H. and Jakob, E. Animal
Behavior: Mechanisms, Ecology, and Evolution. Fifth edition. McGraw-Hill
Publishers.
Flemming,
R. L. 1985. Birds of Nepal. Pub. Robert L. Flemming, Kathmandu.
Grimmett,
R., Inskipp, C. and Inskipp, T. 1998. Birds of the Indian Subcontinent.
Christopher Helm.
Grimmett,
R., Inskipp, C. and Inskipp,T. 2000. Birds of Nepal. Christopher Helm.
Jnawali, S.R. et al. 2011. The Status of Nepal Jordan, E.L. and
Verma, P.S. Chordate Zoology & Animal Physiology. S. Chand, New Delhi.
Kardong, K.V. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function and
Evolution. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Kent, G.C. and Carr, R.K. Comparative
Anatomy of the Vertebrates. The McGraw-Hill Companies.
Kotpal,
R.L. Modern Text book of Zoology: Vertebrates. Rostogi Pub., Meerut India.
Lomolino, M.V., Riddle, B.R. and Brown, J.H. 2006. Biogeography.
3rd edition. Sinaeur, Sunderland, MA. Lull, R.S. 1926. Organic Evolution.
Macmillan, New York.
MacArthur, R.H. and
Wilson, E. O. 1967. The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University
Press, Princeton. Majupuriya T.C. and Majupuriya R. K. 2006. Wildlife and
Protected Areas of Nepal. S. Devi, Saharapur; India. Manning,A. & Dawkins,
M. S. 1998. An Introduction to Animal Behaviour. Cambridge University Press.
Parker, T.J.& Haswell, W.A. A Text Book of Zoology, Vol. 2. The McMillan
Press Ltd. London, U.K. Prmak, . R. Poudel, P. K. & Bhattaria, BP. 2013.
Conservation Biology: a primer for Nepal, Drimland Publication Romer, A.S.
1970.The Vertebrate Body, 4th ed.W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Sanmbasivia, I., Rao, APK & Chelllappa, S. Animal Physiology
and Ecology. S. Chanda and Company Schleich, H.H. and Kastle, W. (editors).
2002. Amphibians and Reptiles of Nepal: Biology, Systematics, Field Guide.
A.R.G. Gantner
Shah, K.B. and
Tiwari, S. 2004. Herpetofauna of Nepal: A Conservation Companion. IUCN Nepal.
Shah, K.B. et al., 2003. Snakebite Management Guidelines. Min. of Health, Dept.
of Health Services, EDCD, Nepal. Shrestha, J. 1981. Fishes of Nepal. CDC,
TribhuvanUniversity, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Shrestha, J. 1995, Department of National Parks and Wildlife
Conservation, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation
Shrestha, J. 2001. Environment and Agriculture: At the Crossroad
of the New Millennium, 171-180. Kathmandu: Ecological Society (ECOS)
Shrestha,
TK. 2001. Birds of Nepal. Vol.I & II, B.Shrestha, Kathmandu.
Shrestha,
T.K. 1997. Mammals of Nepal. B. Shrestha, Kathmandu.
Shrestha,
T.K. 2008. Ichthyology of Nepal. Himalayan Ecosphere, Kathmandu.
Singh,
H. Chatturvedi, CM. 1999. Organic evolution, Anmolpublications, New Delhi,
India.
Suwal, R.N. and W.J.M.
Verheught 1995. Enumeration of the mammals of Nepal. Biodiversity Profile
Project Publication No. 6 Department of National Parks and Wildlife
Conservation, Kathmandu.
Verlag,
Germany.
Verma, P.S.& Agarwal, V.K. Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular
Biology, Evolution and Ecology. S. Chand.S, Kathmandu Young, J.Z. The Life of
Vertebrates. The Oxford University Press.
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